Applied Ethics free essay sample

To begin with, we have to point out that under which situation is permissible to use animals for human sake. We believe we can only use animals when it exerts constructive and affirmative influence to human beings which means it might save lives and enhance the quality of living on a general basis and most importantly, when there is no existing alternative. Using animals medically for human sake is morally permissible and justified and will be illustrated in a moment. Even though we do agree that animals have moral sense and value like Frey’s view â€Å"animals have moral standing and so are members of the moral community and . . . their lives have value. † , we still think it is morally permissible to use animals for experimentation. Nowadays, human is the one that dominant and the main character in the world, therefore we agree Frey’s view â€Å"human lives, on average, have â€Å"a higher value than the lives of most animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Applied Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Although animals also have the moral standing and value, the life of human is more important than animals in our common sense. It is impossible for human to use human in the experimentation when there is other creature similar to human body structure. Also, the reason of using animals in experimentation is to explore new medical methods to enhance the living standard of human life. It is contradictive to require human not to use animals instead of human in the experimentation. Under this circumstance, using animals for medical purpose is acceptable. However, when using animals, human must consider animals’ suffer during the experimentation, human need to do as much as possible to reduce animals’ suffer in order to respect animals’ sacrifice. Nevertheless, Frey’s view that because of human arrogance, therefore human think they are superior to animals and use animals medically for human sake is not reasonable. The reason of human using animals in experimentation is that there is no other method to do the research about gene, cell, etc. Human can only obtain results by testing animals. If there is â€Å"sense of arrogance† in human, then there should be no animal testing regulations like â€Å"3Rs principle† by William M. S. Russell in the world. In fact, for those countries which having the animals testing, they all have the regulations like controlling the number of times individual animals may be used. No matter the regulations are perfect or not, it is obvious that human is not holding the sense of arrogance when using animals. Otherwise, human would not set up those regulations to reduce the degree of suffering of animals. Although the majority of human beings hold the speciesism view, it exists in the kingdom of animals too. There is a gap between each species of animals. Animals occupy different level of morality. The â€Å"higher† animals will hunt the â€Å"lower† animals in order to survive. It is a natural phenomenon and rationale. Then, human utilize animals for experimentation not because they discriminate or look down on other species, but it comes with the sake that human want to survive, therefore they use animals. The opponents would challenge that under any situation, humans’ pain should not be built on animals’ well-being. Humans also have no reason to say that saving human life is in the priority of the live of animals. In this case, animals also should not use plants to heal wound when they are injured since animals do not have the right to use the plants in the purpose of remedy. Then, it means human can only utilize human in any case, and this principle should be also applied in animals and plants when each species do not own the right to use other species for any reason. If this assumption is wrong, then opponents cannot argue that human build their happiness on animals’ pain when there is no choice for human to study new medical method. Besides, there are only organisms and non- organisms on the planet, when human cannot use non- organism for scientific purpose, humans can merely use living organism other than human in the experimentation for medical purpose. In view of scientists, experiments involving animals use for medical purpose is unavoidable at many stages. While the possibility of arising and inventing other substitute to replace animals remains relatively low, options other than the use of animals are rather impossible. To replace animals with humans for medical use at early stage is impossible as confined by FDA( Food and Drug Association), for example, drug development. Two major steps are involved which are, firstly, the preclinical development and later one clinical trials. While preclinical development is to conduct research and laboratory tests on animals and organisms, clinical trials is collect data on safety and efficiency of a new-developed drug with health intervention for humans. The sequence of performing the aforementioned two steps cannot be reversed in order to ensure a satisfactory level of safety and effectiveness of the drug for humans. Humans possess a significantly more complex health system than animals do. An outsider does not easily comprehend how difficult it is to avoid zero mistakes for humans after taking new drugs. That’s why, in case humans substitute animals for medical tests, the development and the discovery of a new drug needs several decades to be completed as scientists potentially bear the risk to kill a person, however, not a save a person. A scientist bears the duty to avoid the animals in the laboratory tests to suffer needlessly pain, for example, to help a rabbit heal more quickly. When an animal gets involved in a test or experiment, it is highlighted that that animal must not necessarily to be killed. Sometimes, animals were needed to extract vaccine for further culture or even for observations only. That’s why it is stressed that the severity of using animals for experiment might not be as bad as others suggested. The possibility of technological assimilation remained very low. While the current medical technology is advancing at an unanticipated level, a complete substitution of animals test with computers software is infeasible. A human biological system is extremely sophisticated with altogether 12 complex body systems cooperating with each other. It is unworkable to utilize computer software, equations and formulas to assimilate the respond of real human beings. Another critical reason to use animals for laboratory test is the significantly shorter life cycle of animals. Humans usually share the similar life cycle duration of approximately 80 years of time, varying between races, thus it is not difficult to come up with an easy question: how long we need to wait to obtain the satisfactory level of influence of drugs? On a general basis, scientists need at least or around ten years of time to develop a new drug with assistance of animals laboratory tests. Perhaps a scientist need to develop the drug or technique with the rest of his/her life in case the animals use is forbidden. To further illustrate above reasoning, preclinical tests can be taken on living objects which means dead object like computers are not included. Living objects are required for observation and collecting real data. Their esponse towards a drug or treatment‘s influence will be explored and studied to further manipulate the dose or to ameliorate the formula. Without such crucial information, further steps in developing a new drug will be enormously hindered. It has been argued that animals and humans possess a vast degree of dissimilarity, as a result, the use of animals for medical research may lead to inaccuracy and doubtful reliability. The later stages of development might even cause irreversible tragedies, such as toxicity and complications in humans. However, scientists and laboratory technicians, at this stage of biotechnology, already possess the knowledge to differentiate what kinds of animals to use for particular aim of a medical research, for example, invertebrates should not be used for developing drugs for human as diseases in invertebrates are very different from humans. Hence, concerns for misusing animals for lab tests and inaccuracy should be eliminated. Reduction in numbers involving animals’ tests, however, should be highlighted. The refinement and alleviation of suffering of animals brought by lab tests are being endorsed and advocated. It is generally agreed that the needlessly pain experienced by animals should be completely avoided as human’s medical advancement should not be built on animals’ suffering. For a human to ensure a animal test being carried out justifiably, extra considerations should be given to alleviate one’s pain during the test, for instance, after the extraction of vaccine from rabbit, medicine could be dispensed for the sake of quick healing and avoid infection. To conclude, sacrificing animals for medically reason is unavoidable at this stage of technology. Focus should be shifted to enhancing the quality of living and preserving the dignity of animals as a whole. Striking a balance will be a lesson to explore in the future. In light of a foreseeable medical advancement, using animals for human sake is ethically permissible and warranted.

John Calvin essays

John Calvin essays From ancient Egypt to the Christian Church ruling over the majority of Europe theocratic governments had one great ideal in common: political ideologies were not just from the church, they were the church. John Calvin had his own, unique version of a theocracy, which he outlined in his novel The Institutes on Christian Piety. Calvin had a great distaste of the Catholic papacy so he made the Protestant theocracy by separating civil government from spiritual government. His ideas of reformation were different from any others ideas, even Luthers. Calvins ideas were used in the Genevan reformation and they were evident throughout Europe and even noticeable in the early colonies of New England. John Calvin was born in France in July 1509 (Walker 26). He was very liberally educated throughout his youth. He was sent to the University of Paris at the age of fourteen to study Theology (Walker 29). Eventually his specialty would change to Law because his father viewed it as the surest way to wealth and honors (Walker 44). So John studied Law until his father died and then he switched back to Theology and he eventually received his degree in this. While he was in Paris John was introduced to the writings of Martin Luther. He studied Luthers ideas and those of the Catholic Church until he realized that he would need to move away from the Church to find his place with God. Calvin was forced to flee Paris after he gave a speech demanding church reform. He wandered around Europe until he found himself in Geneva where he would work for reform of the Genevan Church (Walker 182). He went about this reformation by using the basis of his ideas from his now completed novel The Institutes on Christian Piety (Walker 228). Calvin began by assigning the Church the responsibility of caring for the magistrate. He did this but although he allowed the Church to be associated with the government, i ...

The Afren Plc Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Afren Plc Company - Essay Example The company’s portfolios include about 15 assets situated across six African states, including Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, Sao Tome, Ivory Coast, and Congo (Gouyu, 2011:74). Currently, the business portfolios together produce about 26,000 barrels of oil in a single day. In addition, the company controls key regions that currently hold about 160 million oil barrels. The company started due to the initial idea of Rilwanu Lukman, who is a former chair, and currently controls about 3 % of the total company’s shares. Currently, a number of institutional investors jointly own the company in conjunction with various banking and capital management businesses. Though it has its headquarters in London, UK, the company’s main operations are in Nigeria, through its Nigerian branch, based at the Octagon building in Lagos. The company also controls a 40 % stake in the First Hydrocarbon Nigeria Company (Hilyard, 2008:159). The company started towards the end of the year 2004. Its in ception came after a group of businesspersons joined to raise $ 1 million dollars for the start. They based their onslaught on the African sector on the ideology of intense focus and analyzing on the mode of operation of the African leaders and the continent in general. This strategy has been very successful, as, over the years, it has enabled the company to venture into areas that were previously considered impenetrable in terms of suspicious administrations and heavy bureaucracy. The business achieved this through incorporating the local businesses, recruiting local employees, and involving itself with the citizens that wield control of the West Africa oil regions. The business’ initial transaction consisted of a chance to buy a small and untouched region situated in the Block 1 area of Nigeria (Michel, 2003:199). The block was known as Sao Tome and Principe zone. After the successful transaction, the company embarked on a strategy that involved the developing of discovered but untouched regions into full production. This strategy also proved highly successful, as it helped the company to realize a production of about 14,000 oil barrels by the year 2010. Currently, the company is deeply involved in the C1-11, Lion Gas Pant, and Okoro projects located in Nigeria and Cote de Ivoire. In addition, it has also started rolling out plans aimed at bringing the principal Ebok region to full-scale production by the end of the year (Plunkett, 2008:413). The Ebok project is projected to hike the company’s daily production output to about 40,000 barrels of oil in a day. As a result, the conglomerate is currently enjoying the surging cash flow advantages from its increased output and sales. This has brought significant benefits, as the business has now been able to branch out from its previously British-based fiscal systems o the US-based systems, which consider cash flow levels more highly. This move has catapulted the drastic rise of the company’s s hare price up tenfold from the previous levels in January 2009 (Larry, 2012:374). Since its advent in 2004, the venture has realized substantial progress and growth over the last several years. In 2005, the company managed to acquire about 11 million pounds in operating cash. It did this through the selling off around 24.4 million of its ordinary shares. In the same year, it also entered

Organisational Culture and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Culture and Leadership - Essay Example The definition of leadership is founded on the possession of a distinctive skill to influence people towards attaining set goals and objectives (Tsai, 2011). Since each organization has its own culture that governs it, the result is that there is no universally acceptable leadership style or leader. However, it is believed that provided a leadership takes into consideration the culture within the organization, the results will be great (Tsai, 2011). The first dominant framework on leadership was the Trait Theory or the â€Å"Great Men† Theory which was proposed in the early twentieth century. The theory considers â€Å"personality, social, physical or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from non-leaders† (Shoup, 2005, p.2). This theory ascribes conventional qualities like ambition and energy, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, and knowledge to leaders and holds that leaders are born, not made. Mid-twentieth century saw the rise of the Behavio urist school of leadership which emphasized on the actions and dominant behavior of the leaders and highlighted the leaders’ behavior on the job, use of authority and task-relationship orientation. Later, scholars such as Fred Fiedler realized that a leader must match his/her situation and leadership style should vary depending on the situation and context. This gave way to the third phase of leadership studies, known as the Contingency school, which focussed on job constitution, leader-member association, and power position.

International financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International financial markets - Essay Example It was in this in this meeting gathering that the Bretton Woods system was born. Initially, this has initiated an acceleration of global activity. However as the system progresses, its flaws surfaced out so intensely that the former United States President Richard Nixon sentenced it to its demise on August 1971. Though the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, two financing institutions that were born because of the system are still existent, the initial system that they adopted were substantially altered by Nixon’s cessation of gold standard. Adam Smith, the father of economics, and his contemporary thinkers, has started recognizing and studying on the benefits from international trade and capital mobility. Though overseas trading has already been practiced centuries earlier before their era, there was no formal academic and scientific study for this. Smith, in his pioneering investigation on the British economy, has plotted out a fertile condition for nations to maximize their gains: the presence of a sufficiently functioning international monetary system that promotes and facilitates trade and efficient allocation of capital (Ferderer, 2002, p.1). The 18th century admired the prospects for mutual gain that they get from free trade between nations (Understanding economics, 2006). In the past 200 years, capital mobility in large quantities and allocation of these to lucrative and promising investments became a tool that altered the standard of living. Effectiveness of financial institutions should then be measured by the contributions that they give to this process and eventually to a country’s growth and employment (Eatwell & Taylor, 1999). They should then adapt a financial system that will facilitate the flow of capital and investment. In 1717 Sir Isaac Newton ‘accidentally’ adopted a de facto gold standard that later became the monetary regime in those times. The renowned scientist, a master of the mint, set the gold price

The Film Industry Of Bollywood Cultural Studies Essay

The Film Industry Of Bollywood Cultural Studies Essay Bollywood, the second largest film industry is widely known for its form of creative art. It is a form of art with the ability to entertain, educate, and reflect and shape our sense of who we are and our understanding of the society in which we live in. In Hindi films there exits the hero and heroine, however gender hierarchy can be seen and importance is imposed on the male actor. One would agree that the Hindi film industry is male-centric, with limited space for females to be versatile in the character they play. The roles played by the heroine are the same guidelines seen within the Indian society. The Indian society is an influence to Bollywood and is what shapes and defines the roles played by females in films. The portrayal of women in Hindi films has been stable in correspondence to the norms and values contained by the Indian society. If the image [of women in the cinema] is submissive or secondary, it is the society who is responsible for it . . . filmmakers, keeping in min d the commercial aspect of films, simply highlight what exists (Prabhu 2001, 185). (6) India is known to be a hierarchal society, whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian all groups of people are ranked according to various qualities. Within gender hierarchy, men outrank women of the same or similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives (1). This same concept is taken into the Hindi film industry where more emphasis is created on the male actor. From the beginning of the film process importance is on the male. For example within the internal aspects of film processing the second step is acquisition of leading male role and then followed by female acquisitions (class lecture). None the less, females are a priority in films; however their portrayals in films are steady and follow certain guidelines according to the roles played. Indian society has many norms and values, one being the role played by an individual in the society. In Indian society the dominant forms of patriarchal ideology how women are seen as subjected-as either the nurturing mother, the innocent wife, the vamp or the educated modern women. One or more forms of these roles are always portrayed in Hindi films. With these roles come specific characteristics that are viewed in the society which are then followed and expressed in Hindi films. For examples it known for an ideal women figures include passive, victimized, sacrificial, submissive, glorified, static, one-dimensional and resilient (3). These are the traits that are then brought into the film which not only reflect culture, but also shape culture. India is a religiously complex society with dominancy in the complex religion of Hinduism. In traditional Indian society there were definite and essential norm of behaviour that was usually passed down from the past. For example Sita, from the Hindu mythology of Ramayana was seen as ideal women, ideal wife as she was steadfastly loyal to her husband and obeys his wishes unquestionably (4).Hindi films have achieved this ideal of wifes self devotion. The Indian society is known to be restricted to strict rules and regulations which are to be followed by women. The moral of the Indian society states no independence in women and always is committed to her significant. For example a female in childhood is subjected to her father, in youth to her husband and after to her children. This interpretation of females can be seen in the film Mother India directed by Mehoob Khan. This film reveals the ideal characteristics of a mother played by Nargis. At the beginning of the movie it seen that sh e plays the typical role of a female who is married in an Indian traditional manner. The song Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a significant with the line that states that it is a womens fate to leave home. This applies to the traditional moral of the female being passed on from the authority of the father to her husband who now she must be committed to. This is seen in the character. Dharma referring self-subsistence or a universal law or norm, which applies at the moral, the ritual and social level (5). This is another religious and mythological aspect that is inflicted upon women. This is also portrayed in the film through and expressed in the song Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the lyrics in the song express that the only honour that a women has in her life is a womens dharma. In context of the movie it states that a women may overcome her struggles but with the conditions that are still expected with the role of a mother. After her husband leaving her she still has hope that he will return and keeps faith and raises her children on her own sacrificing whatever it takes from her. This shows the over stresses on the love for husband and the duties she has as a mother. It can be seen that in any case, in Indian society the first priority of females is to always keep in mind the norms and values placed on them as females. One may argue that these norms and values have changed within the Indian society with the progression of modernization. However, the lifestyle may have changed in roles of mothers, but the beliefs of the values and norms still exist. For example Kal Ho Na Ho directed by Nikhil Advani is a film set in New York with a modern setting. The role played by Jaya Bachchan shows similar characteristics of a mother which were portrayed by Nargis in Mother India. Jaya Bachchan, also a widowed female in the film experiences many difficulties due to her husband committing suicide. Even though the true reasoning behind the suicide is known by her, the blame is turned towards her by her mother-in-law. However, this does not stop her from being loyal to her husband as she stayed widowed and to the challenge to raise her children and show her devotee towards her husband. Throughout the film we see that she still supports her husband when people including her daughter talk negatively about him. Here she is also in the struggle of bringing her children up on her own and sacrifices all she has to raise them and keep them happy. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the role of the mother can be seen to be dedicated with the qualities of self sacrifice, devotionally and religiously. If not seen as a traditional woman with traditional values, in Hindi films the female is then portrayed as the vamp or modernized women. Bollywood shows both the traditional and modernity of females, yet tends portrays the modern as immoral and favour the traditional aspects. The vamp is usually portrayed as morally dishonoured person and associated with everything that is disagreeable about the west (4). Again this is due to the norms and values seen in the Indian society. In this case women are seen as decorative objects and used for entertainment. Courtesan is another common role played by women which is attended for an arousing effect upon men. These types of roles are usually associated with protagonist character. The female is seen modern and revealing clothes and becomes an object of male desire. In many films with picturization of this role of female is usually seen to be glamorous and captures the females beauty in a sensual manner. An example of this is seen in the movie Sh olay directed by Ramesh   Sippy in the song Mehbooba Mehbooba. Here the female dancer appears very different from the other female lead roles. She is there for entertainment and to add glamour. Her clothes are revealing and she is used for the pleasure of the antagonist. A similar but slightly different scene is also seen in Kal Ho Na Ho with the song Its the time to disco. The difference in this song is that the lead female is in the song but is portrayed with a different characteristic that is not the usual in her role. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is raised in New York but is a casual girl. This seen the her apparel as it is not revealing yet modernized. However, in the song a different perspective of her is seen when she gets drunk. Her clothes become more revealing and her actions are different. This is intended to show how a female may act when they go outside of their boundaries of the Indian society and the consequence of it. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby) in the movie is would be seen as the vamp in the movie as her clothes are modish and she is flirty around men. Not only women who werent in traditional clothes seen as vamps. But those who didnt obey traditional rules. These would include who are adventurous, independent and values different norms. Thus, women commonly in Hindi films are either the modernized seductive role or the sophisticated tradition Indian women. There are many women in the Bombay film industry. Many have reacted with different opinions on how females are being portrayed. For example quoted from Ayesha Jhulka, an actress: You have to accept the fact that its a male-dominated industry. And you have to accept that basically heroes are given much more importance than the heroineSo its better to accept it and then carry on. You have your own place which nobody else can take. What you can do, the heroes probably cant do (7). Another opinion quoted by the actress Shabana Azmi: The one thing that hasnt changed only superficially I think, is in its portrayal of womenI think its a waste if you dont offer them and give them roles that are on par with their heroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that would be very interesting, and basically do films that are pro-women (7). Lastly. Actress Ritha Bhaduri states: At the moment I think character roles have more to say than the female heroine, actressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There are very few films that are wom en-oriented, or have a women dominating the whole thing (7). From these opinions of several actresses it can be conclude that many actresses are aware of the stereotypical roles given to women in Hindi films. The do feel that there isnt much importance strained on them, but also know that a film without a complementing female role with the male would not make much progress. Even though role of females are driven by the aspects in the Indian society, actresses have continued to accept the roles and play them according. As stated previously the main cause for this orientation is due to what takes place in the society. As the Indian society makes different progression a change in female roles in Hindi films will also be seen. In conclusion, the female roles played in Hindi film are very restricted and do not have space for variety. Either they are seen as objects to add glamour and entertainment to the film or they are portrayed with important roles such as mothers but with general Indian societal values that come with that role. Endnotes: http://www.heinonline.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresultshandle=hein.cow/cowcs0040id=295size=2collection=cowterms=women|womens|Women|Womenstermtype=phraseset_as_cursor=#287 Class lecture http://www.saswat.com/blog/women_journalists_bollywood.html https://moodle10.yorku.ca/moodle/file.php/12062/Readings/Women_in_Indian_Cinema0001.pdf https://moodle10.yorku.ca/moodle/file.php/12062/Readings/Cinema_and_Society_in_India0001.pdf http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-%20Dec07/02Booth6.pdf http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=GTEa93azj9ECoi=fndpg=PP8dq=portrayal+of+women+in+popular+hindi+filmsots=OkbhSM0gfBsig=nPH6-uJz2wCft5FsivGe-opdg1c#v=onepageq=portrayal%20of%20women%20in%20popular%20hindi%20filmsf=false http://www.englishforums.com/English/PleaseEditEssayBollywoodFilms/dxklq/post.htm http://saswat.com/articles/bollywomen.htm http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=1460AF79FA0D92C0202D67F85883F2D5.inst3_3b?a=od=98736980gserror=true Portrayal of women in Bollywood then, now and in the  past. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Changing-Face-of-Women-In-Indian-Cinemaid=87034 http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=Alk5iwv1y_MCoi=fndpg=PA146dq=general+gender+hierarchy+ots=8nq76NqH2Osig=VTnkZoje6Xd2i6c6GRTH9u123Eo#v=onepageq=general%20gender%20hierarchyf=false http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=kfVdxiSm-aYCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=hidden+messages+in+hindi+song+filmsots=yS1CgltbAHsig=zc15PBYPSwopVvlpkUpomMBDbT8#v=onepageqf=false http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=cgDHFFe7YM8Coi=fndpg=PA191dq=themes+in+hindi+filmsots=Mq6lmD7Dedsig=kli9MXI-zSzX8CPBq7DKU0VkGxk#v=onepageq=themes%20in%20hindi%20filmsf=false http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1996.00173.x/abstract

How To Win Friends and Influence people Essay -- GCSE Business Marketi

How To Win Friends and Influence people This book was written in 1936 by Dale Carnegie. Some of the terms and vocabulary used are dated but the advice and information can still be used today. It deals with communication with others and the need for all parties to be able to perceive the objective from the others' viewpoint. The perspective of the book is from a position of power or management but it can be useful to anyone that reads it. While this book is useful, it should be remembered it was written during a time when the people in the workforce had a very strong protestant work ethic socialized into them. The book is divided into four parts, and they are: Fundamental Techniques in Handling People. The next section is called: Six Ways to Make People Like You. The third chapter is titled: How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking. The final segment is called: Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment. The titles to the sections are somewhat blunt and imply manipulation instead of understanding or compromise but the book stresses seeing things from the viewpoint of others and resolving conflict in mutually acceptable ways. The emphasis of the book is teaching the skills necessary to use the collaborating conflict style and behavior modification. The first section, Fundamental Techniques in Handling People, has three principles. 1) Don't criticize, condemn or complain; this is the most difficult one to manage. 2) Give honest, sincere appreciation. Everyone has some positive traits. 3) Arouse in the other person a desire to please. Using these principles promote the ability for the individuals to have an open, honest conversation. This in turn creates a positive atmosphere for conflict resolution. The six principles of the second segment are, Six Ways to Make People Like You, 1) Be sincerely interested in other people. 2) Smile at people. 3) Remember and use a person's name. It relays a message. It tells people they are important to you. 4) Be a good listener and encourage other people to talk about themselves. 5) Talk in terms of the other person's interest. 6) Finally, make the other person feel important and do it honestly. The third section, How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking, has twelve principles. 1) The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it. 2) Show respect for the other person's ... ...ve tried to use some of the advice from the book for problems which occur frequently. I have had some success using his advice. I have found no real support for his assumption that most people behave rationally or use logic as a tool for decision making. For example, absenteeism is a major problem. I have an employee that worked part-time. She supports herself and one child. She was calling off from work about once a week. She and I discussed this, she said she was having problems with her car and needed money to have it fixed. She asked for a loan to have her it repaired. She wanted to work an extra day every week until the loan was repaid. Her car is now running well but she still misses at least once a week. Considering the loan payment that is withheld from her check, she is taking home less money than she did previously. I am sure she justifies this to herself in some manner but I fail to see any rational or logical explanation for her behavior. This book and others like it are used in seminars across the country for management training. Perhaps, the real purpose is to train management to work together in problem solving. That is where I have found it to be the most useful.