Astronomy 101 - Early History of Astronomy

Space science 101 - Early History of Astronomy Space science is humanitys most established science. Individuals have been looking into, attempting to clarify what they find in the sky presumably since the primary human-like cavern occupants existed. Theres a celebrated scene in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, where a primate named Moonwatcher overviews the sky, taking in the sights and considering what he sees. Its possible that such creatures truly existed, attempting to comprehend the universe from their perspective. Ancient Astronomy Quick forward around 10,000 years to the hour of the main developments, and the most punctual space experts who previously made sense of how to utilize the sky. In certain societies, they were clerics, priestesses, and different elites who contemplated the development of divine bodies to decide ceremonies, festivities, and planting cycles. With their capacity to watch and even estimate heavenly occasions, these individuals held extraordinary force among their social orders. This is on the grounds that the sky stayed a secret to a great many people, and by and large, societies put their gods in the sky. Any individual who could make sense of the secrets of the sky (and the hallowed) must be pretty important.â Be that as it may, their perceptions were not actually logical. They were progressively viable, albeit to some degree utilized for ceremonial purposes. In certain civic establishments, individuals accepted that that divine items and their movements could predict their own fates. That conviction prompted the now-limited act of crystal gazing, which is a greater amount of an amusement than anything scientific.â The Greeks Lead the Way The old Greeks were among the first to begin creating hypotheses about what they found in the sky. Theres much proof that early Asian social orders likewise depended on the sky as a kind of schedule. Absolutely, guides and explorers utilized the places of the Sun, Moon, and stars to discover their way around the planet.â Perceptions of the Moon recommended that Earth, as well, was round. Individuals likewise accepted that Earth was the focal point of all creation. At the point when combined with the scholar Plato’s affirmation that the circle was the ideal geometrical shape, the Earth-focused perspective on the universe appeared to be a characteristic fit.â Numerous other early eyewitnesses accepted the sky were actually a goliath crystalline bowl curving over Earth. That view offered path to another thought, clarified by space expert Eudoxus and logician Aristotle in the fourth century BCE. They said the Sun, Moon, and planets held tight a lot of settling, concentric circles encompassing Earth. No one could see them, however something was holding up the divine items, and imperceptible settling balls were as acceptable a clarification as whatever else. Albeit supportive to antiquated individuals attempting to understand an obscure universe, this model didn't help in appropriately following the movements planets, the Moon, or stars as observed from Earths surface. In any case, with not many refinements, it remained the overwhelming logical perspective on the universe for another 600 years. The Ptolemaic Revolution in Astronomy In the Second Century BCE, Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), a Roman stargazer working in Egypt, included his very own inquisitive innovation to the geocentric model of settling crystalline balls.â He said that the planets moved in impeccable circles made of something, connected to those ideal circles. All that stuffâ turned around Earth. He called these little circles epicycles and they were a significant (if incorrect) suspicion. While it wasn't right, his hypothesis could, at any rate, foresee the ways of the planets genuinely well. Ptolemys see remained the favored clarification for an additional fourteen centuries! The Copernican Revolution That all changed in the sixteenth century, when Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish space expert feeling burnt out on the lumbering and loose nature of the Ptolemaic model, started taking a shot at his very own hypothesis. He thought there must be a superior method to clarify the apparent movements of planets and the Moon in the sky. He estimated that the Sun was at the focal point of the universe and Earth and different planets rotated around it. Appears to be sufficiently basic, and legitimate. Be that as it may, this thought clashed with the Holy Roman churchs thought (which was to a great extent dependent on the flawlessness of Ptolemys hypothesis). Indeed, his thought raised him some ruckus. That is on the grounds that, in the Churchs view, mankind and its planet were consistently and just to be viewed as the focal point of all things. The Copernican thought downgraded Earth to something the Church didnt need to consider. Since it was the Church and had expected control over all inf ormation, it applied pressure where needed to get his thought discredited.â Be that as it may, Copernicus persevered. His model of the universe, while still wrong, did three primary things. It clarified the prograde and retrograde movements of the planets. It removed Earth from its spot as the focal point of the universe. What's more, it extended the size of the universe. In a geocentric model, the size of the universe is constrained with the goal that it can spin once at regular intervals, or, more than likely the stars would get threw off because of outward power. Along these lines, perhaps the Church feared in excess of a downgrade of our place known to mankind since a more profound comprehension of the universe was changing with Copernicuss ideas.â While it was a significant positive development, Copernicus’ hypotheses were still very unwieldy and loose. However, he prepared for additional logical comprehension. His book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, which was distributed as he lay on his deathbed, was a key component in the start of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment. In those hundreds of years, the logical idea of stargazing turned out to be staggeringly significant, alongside the development of telescopes to watch the sky. Those researchers added to the ascent of stargazing as a specific science that we know and depend upon today. Edited via Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Leadership Of President Bush And President Obama Politics Essay

Authority Of President Bush And President Obama Politics Essay The race for the leader of the United States has for quite a while stayed a pitched race for the democrats and the republicans who have kept on wrestling the workplace among them. With the two camps battling for the large seat, the guarantee of a superior America has been at the portion of the race for the votes. After each race for the administration, the oval office has had new inhabitant who has received explicit style of administration. Their dreams, desire and exhibitions have varied while others have continued as before. Taking a correlation of President Bush and president Obama, there are solid sign that their administration varies with Obama showing a change in outlook in treatment of issues which has kept on reinforcing his one of a kind presidential style therefore making a major differentiation from his forerunner; president Bush. Authority style The rising of President Bush into power as the leader of the United States clarified that an imperious pioneer had assumed control over the most noteworthy regulatory office in America. Directly from his acknowledgment discourse, President Bush certified the way that he had been the place the buck stops, both while in business and government (Denton, 109). In his residency as a president, President Bush exemplified his presidential style as a radical who had faith in assuming responsibility. Bramble accepted that only he was fit to set the motivation, the tone and the system (Burke, 108). By this token, president hedge made little association of the American populace yet rather trusted on his impulses and settled on choices dependent on what he accepted was correct concerning any issue that he was confronted with as a president. This kind of authority is a finished differentiation to president Obamas method of assuming responsibility for the government. Taking a gander at president Obama method of assuming responsibility as a president, it will be handily noticed that President Obama is a greater amount of a coordinator who advocates for vote based system as opposed to government. Obamas work at the workplace of the president has clarified that he is a superior coordinator who comprehends the network having a colossal feeling of social solidarity (Nielsen, 253). In contrast to his ancestor, Obama has come out as a president who has expanded the people groups association and contribution to the administration procedure. Obama has even made it workable for the development of obligation and activism that has created positive input from the electorate who presently feel that they are a piece of the legislature. This style of driving the administration withdraws from what Bush put stock in. For president Obama, an official authority was not a decision not to mention an alternative as America expected somebody to hold both the democrats a nd republican towards an aggregate long for change. Misleading and truthfulness President Bush residency was supposedly formed in misleading and genuineness with his inclusion in various issues in manners that were regarded as tricky and brimming with duplicity. It is greatly accepted that President Bush kept on meshing the misdirection into the American Fabric much like his forerunner like President Churchill (Lando 45). With claims that Iraq had under lock and key weapons of mass obliteration (WMD), President Bush marshaled the congress to help the war against Iraq just as accumulate support from its partners in Europe. Late on, it emerged that Iraq had no ownership of such weapons. Rather, the war was for obscure thought processes supported by the President as the UN investigators found no such weapons in Iraq (Rosecrance and Stein, 186). On the complexity, President Obamas remain in the workplace as a president as so far exhibited that he is without a doubt aware of keeping up trustworthiness instead of utilizing shrewdness to employ the help of the American Congress. To a few, the America issue is both generous and genuine (Genda, IX). To handle such issues president Obama has utilized an alternate methodology where the Americans are sharpened on the idea of issues confronting them and yet outfitting them with daringness of would like to wear out the difficulties and cause America to be what the individuals need it to be. With his aptitudes to verbalize himself with a reason and vision, Obama has overseen win the trust of the Americans (Leanne 21). Through the transparency that President Obama has so far grasped since his rise to control; all things considered, he will have the option to make a brought together America where the populace are bound along with reason against a typical test. This will without a doubt b e a noteworthy differentiation to President Bush specialty of keeping the electorate in obscurity while settling on choices which had national effect on the Americans. The battle against dread Fear based oppression has been one of the dangers that have kept on confronting the Americans both in the diaspora and at home. History demonstrates that the American has endured in the hand fear based oppressors. Thus, the leaders of the unified have done all under their capacity to guarantee the security of the American. Nonetheless, president Obamas approach has been unique in relation to that of president Obama in see with regards to how the issue of dread is dealt with. President Bush is notable for his remain against fear where he is by all accounts in concurrence with the documentation that the adversary was considered as meriting the evil and cruel treatment (Grosscup, 12). President Bush remain on the battle against psychological oppression caused him to assemble the American war apparatus to battle fear mongering both at home and abroad. Hedge ensured that strategies were instituted which reinforced measures against the psychological oppressors who were viewed as maniacal and pitiless. President Bush went further to take into account the turn of events and utilization of instruments in the capture and cross examination of fear suspects in territories, for example, Guantanamo straight. In this office, President Bush pushed the utilization of cross examination procedures, for example, waterboarding where suspects are set in recreation that they are suffocating (Welch et al. 440). This confinement camp was vigorously reprimanded for human rights i nfringement and therefore when Obama came into power; he has attempted to facilitate the utilization of such procedures in cross examination suspects. Also, president Obama has reported goal to close the detainment camp and utilize other successful ways to deal with battle dread. End Looking at or differentiating President Bush and President Obama is one of the most basic undertakings that appear to distract the Americas given that the present Obamas organization came into power through its guarantee of progress to benefit the American individuals. While it might be obscure to many, President Obamas shelf depended on change; change that could free the American from the missteps of the past while address the difficulties at the present. Obamas choices to sort out preferably that lead alone and open up rather over close himself in made has caused him to rise as a pioneer who represents earnestness and human rights not at all like President Bush.

An Essay on Globalism - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION In this essay, I attempt to defend the view that globalism is not a new concept but one that has been in existence since ancient Roman times.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the concept of globalism and it s time of existence a lot of study shows that globalism is been in existence from only 200 years ago, however Bruce Hitchner (2008) says that the globalization may have started 2,000 years ago.Globalism according to Saul (2005) is defined as the expansion into regional and into international from the local trade.However it s not only the expansion of local trade practices but also adopt their social and cultural ideals.Thus, this study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of the globalism and how they have been in existence in roman empire.The main arguments for the essay will revolve around the existence of the system of Homo Sacer , the Trade routes and multiculturalism being in existence during roman period. TH ESIS This essay argues that the globalism was not just a modern concept though the term was coined just during the 1960 but the practice was in existence during the Roman times. They main arguments would revolve around the practices of the homo sacer, multiculturalism, trade routes ,neo liberalism, imperailism, democaratic globalism and knowledge transfer proving that globalism is not a new concept but one which has been in existence since the Roman empire. Globalism Globalism is described as a centuries long activity, tracing the expansion of human population and the growth of civilization ( Hingley ,2005). Even though the term globalism has been coined by economists since the 1980 ,globalism is a phenomenon with ancient roots (Hitchner,2008) .The Globalizations is said to been in existence from the third millenium B.C. . The early types of globalism can be seen in the cultural practices which are multiculturalism and knowledge transfer and education systems ,Trade practic es which are spice routes , silk routes which extended from China to the Roman empire, Military practices which is the Homo Sacer and Imperailism . The Roman empire integrated people, culture, technology and ideas on an unprecedented scale.Globalism, at its core, seeks to report and explain nothing more than a world which is specified by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances (Hitchner, 2008).Thus based on these points we ll move on to the arguments how the globalism was in existence in the Roman empire. Homo Sacer The Homo sacer is a concept which was in use during the ancient Roman times , it means life that cannot be sacrificed but only killed (Secor,2007) . The homo sacer is also means life abandoned by law . This does not infer the life not to be subjected by law but a life whic has been caught by law and is trapped by its power, which can seen as included exclusion.Gregory argues that the homo Sacer is also used now a days in the militant globalism for casting out . This kind of spatial contortion has been in existence in militant globalism for a long time. Casting out is defined as the the state which is also the same as homo sacri means placed in a space law of suspension (outside the law) (Secor , 2007). Example In the cases of Afghanistan ,Iraq ,Palestine the same characteristic performances are used in them the casting out means to be killed without any consequences while in Roman period homo Sacer means the person is not subjected to any rights which gives just a mere life not even worthy of Sacrifice and suspended by the law (Secor , 2007) . Homo sacer and Casting out means the same practices in differnet terms the only difference which can be found in them is they mean a person in the terms of a homo sacri and in casting out they mean a country to be exception to the law (Secor,2007).This is a form of militant globalism which is in practice by the US and UK administration. With this we can prove that militant globalis m was in practices roman times and not just in the latest political economy. Trade Practices The Romans had trade links made to many countries around them thus we can say the era of globalism begin with the roman empire (Hitchner, 2008) . Even though the Romans lacked the modern tools of globalism which are including world-wide communications systems, powerhouses , multi-national corporations and wire transfer for fast money transfer systems to transport currency, goods and people they may well be responsible for introducing the concept to the world ( Hingley, 2005). Market globalism is the concept of providing economic and cultural link throughout the world . The Romans had introduced the the concept of market globalism in these trade practices.For example the common Roman man lived and cooked with african oil and used th pots made in spain and also consumed bread cooked with raw materials got from egypt, and got the fish from the gibraltar. He used the dishes made in French kilns, drank wine got from France. The Roman of money costumed in garments of the wool from Miletus and the linen from Egypt; his wife will wore silks from China using the silk routes, enhanced herself with the pearls and diamonds from India, and made make-up with cosmetics from South Arabia.He will dwell in the houses whose walls are coated with colored marble drilled in Asia Minor; his own furnitures were made of Indian teak inlaid which were traded through the spice routes with African ivory (Jones 2008). They also had a high quality of pottery in the western empire. This pottery is constituted one type of material that passed throughout the empire through trade. The model for the production of terra sigillata was derived from Tuscany, the vessels manufactured in central and the southern areas of Gaul were traded to other provinces of Germany and Britain (hingley ,2005).There were also the existence of silk routes and spice routes between china and India respectively from the Ro man Empire.These trades routes are used to carry silk and spices from China and India (Jones,2008). Many of these trade practices were possible only because of the existence of the trade routes between the Romans and other countries. This can be seen as a form of economic globalism.The main point of globalism by Saul is defined as the trade between many countries which had been in existence and practiced by the Romans ,proving that globalism was in existence in Roman times. Multiculturalism There has been a huge advances in the concept of globalism in the past two decades . The important constituent to the globalism has been free information exchange and easy flow of capital (Jones 2008).Multiculturalism is the existence of many cultures with many of their traditions are existing independent without the support of any other culture (Epstein ,2009).The important prospects of globalism or multiculturalism is the prospect of having a single culture and the same Hollywood movies a nd Mc donalds adapting to local tastes with little variations in the world which mainly requires cultural tolerance with the people . The Romans also in the other hand existed with many cultures and had a greater amount of cultural tolerance to themselves ( Hitchner ,2008).This can be seen as a form of cultural Globalism.Thus these practices prove that the globalism has been in existence in the form of multiculturalism in roman period . Globalism and Imperialism The recent studies has shown that the globalism through imperialism is one of the important ways through which globalism has been happening. The imperialism is defined as the process of expanding the countries power and influence through colonization (Hingley ,2011).Thus the globalism can seen as a process of expansion of social and cultural ideas , so imperialism is also in a way helping globalism. The Bush s administration in America has seen as US imperialism in many ways trying to control and influence other countr ies through the militant globalism (Secor ,2005). The study of Roman Empire for imperialism becomes, not only a consideration but also a way to see how the Rome expanded across such a vast area, incorporating people along the way, also trying to put their culture among the colonies while controlling them (Hingley, 2005). The violent imposition of the new world order ,genocide ,deportation ,exploitation of the societies are the methods with which the countries and empire tried to control and enslave the people did miltary recruitment is by which imperialism was in existence during the roman and modern times (hingley,2005).This will want us to think critically about how the Roman empire expansion across such a vast territory and also the means by with the societies across the Roman world was held together which is an similar way through which the Bush s administration also did in Afghanistan ,Iraq (Secor,2005).This can been seen as a form of political globalism. Thus these things also helps us to see that globalism was a concept which was in existence during Roman empire. Globalism and Knowledge transfer Globalism has been a easy process because of the knowledge transfer between the people though the internet.Global historians such as Tony Hopkins and Christopher Bayly have also stressed the importance of the exchange of not only trade but also ideas and knowledge during periods of pre-modern globalization. A common roman child would learn Latin from the schools.Ambitious Jews and Gauls were taught to speak Latin in schools just as children in Jakarta and Sio Paulo from the middle-class learn English today ( Hitchner , 2008). The adoption of latin and writing of the common language has helped the people in two major areas they are a common language through which a knowledge transfer can occur and it bought the people closer because of the common language (Hingley 2005).For Example There were many authors in the first century BC, they mainly spoke about the ideas of being in relationship with the people and their ideas to be recorded to future references (Hingley , 2005). These ideas served to assist Western colonial adventurers, from the sixteenth century on wards, in understanding the exotic places that they explored. Thus the Romans had given a huge importance for the knowledge transfer and learning of languages leading to globalization (Hingley , 2005). Additionally, they also had a similar development in roman empire ,while columned temples and amphitheaters sprang up everywhere as office blocks and cinemas are springing up today in the cities (Jones 2008). Thus the importance given by the Romans for knowledge transfer and development which is also a important aspect of globalization is seen in day to day lives now.This can be seen as a form of cultural globalism. Thus proving that even though it was in a smaller scale but the start of the globalism has been since the Roman Empire. Neo Liberal Globalization The globalism ca n be defined as an end result which is being obtained by the process of neo liberalism (Kotz ,2000). There are many important concepts in neo liberalism they are free trade no restriction by the government in import and exports , deregulation the removal of laws which affect the trade practices ,privatization private enterprises doing the work done by the state owned enterprises (Kotz,2000) . In Rome the neo liberalism can be seen in mainly two practices they are Zetema and Bufalotta ( Violante Annunziata , 2011). The first one represents the quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization .The second one is an urban development project which is an exceptional procedure to the form the pact between the business community and the urban political elite ( Violante Annunziata , 2011).For Example The Bufalotta was the Private organisation that provided housing supply to the people in Rome in many neighborhoods. This is a form of privatization of government work which occurred in Rome ( Violante Annunziata , 2011).They are common practices in Rome for the welfare of the people in the empire leading to better trade and which is also a form of economic globalism.These practices show that neo liberalism in the roman community proving that globalism is in existence during the Roman era. Democratic Globalization Democratic Globalization can be defined as a institution of global democracy to the world that is giving a common say to all (Hardt , 2005). It s always known that democracy was a part of globalism which gives the citizens a chance to express their opinions .Rome had a extensive, powerful and well organized world-empire(hingley ,2005) .Rome is said to have a mixed constitution of all the three forms of governments which are monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy (hardt , 2005). While the first two represents the control of the empire by the ruler and control of the empire by a set of people . The third represents the people . The Roman empire is said to t he first one to implement the concept of democracy.The Roman empire had the simple concept of democracy they always assemble to take decisions and check the expenditure of the officials (Jones , 2008). ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ For Example They once found the great Pericles annually claiming the gigantic sum of ten talents for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"expensesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They turned a blind eye towards it because they believed him when he said he was using it to buy off their great rival Sparta. But the important point to be seen is that the people knew. It was their decision to approve or not (Jones 2008). Thus we can see that democracy which is a form of globalism has been implemented in the Roman empire proving that it has been in practices. Conclusion During the past two decades the globalism has been of huge importance and been a growing research in the field of business.Researchers have reported alarming findings in the field of globalism and its existence and practices d uring the pre historic era . The arguments in the essay are mainly based on the practices of Homo Sacer a process of militant globalism , Trade practices a method of economic globalism , multiculturalism a method of cultural globalism, Imperialism which is also a form of political globalism, Knowledge transfer in the pre historic era which is also a form of economic globalism ,these practices in the roman empire show that globalism is not a new concept but one which was found in the pre historic times .In addition to this a lot of research has been taking place in the field of globalism to find out more about the concept of globalism.

Bureaucracy An Invisible Empire - 717 Words

Hannah Bozzini Mr, Zinchuck Government February 9, 2016 Bureaucracy â€Å"The government, which was designed for the people, has got into the hands of the bosses and their employers, the special interests. An invisible empire has been set up above the forms of democracy.† This quote by Woodrow Wilson fits perfectly with the topics that will be discussed. The major theme of this paper is bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to an administrative system in which agencies staffed largely by non elected officials perform specific tasks in accordance with standard procedures. The work of the bureaucracy involves implementing laws and procedures. Does this sound familiar? That is because most bureaucrats work for the executive branch of the government. The executive branch is the one that enforces the laws. Some of these law enforcing jobs include mail clerk, police officer, fireman, and first responder. These jobs are essential to our lives as Americans and are greatly appreciated. This paper will expound on the history, usage, and the Cabinet The history of the bureaucracy dates back to when our country was first founded. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson set the bar for civil service. Washington knew that the people he appointed would be in important governmental positions, so he had to choose wisely. As time passed the system became more corrupted. Andrew Jackson gave government jobs to those who supported his campaign. After Andrew Jackson, the civil war was fought, thereforeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nicholas Is Foreign Policy1474 Words   |  6 Pagessubjects (Rias, 324).† From that day froward the Emperor would put down a law by the name of â€Å"Official Nationality (Rias, 324).† To fully comprehend how and why Nicholas I chose to run his foreign policy the way he did, one must delve into how his Empire was run at home. Nicholas I was influenced heavily by Christianity. 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Jetblue Airlines The Biggest Airline - 1190 Words

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Audit Report of Lehman Brothers Leading Investment Banking Firms

Question: Discuss about the Audit Report of Lehman Brothers. Answer: Introduction: Lehman Brothers were one of the leading investment banking firms of U.S and was at the fourth number after Goldman Shacks, Morgan Stanley and Merrill Lynch. It went on for 158 years from 1850 to 2008 when it got shut and faced serious crisis at the time. This event left a mark in all the markets globally and lead to changes in many policies by the government. It also led to formation of ASA701 which included better auditing rules and all the reforms taking all the lessons from Lehman Brothers event. The event was sparked by undue negligence, financial crisis, mortgage crisis etc. and has been known as U.Ss largest bankruptcy till date. Lets look at all the points deeply in the assignment. Collapse of Lehman Brothers: Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. was a firm which gave its financial services globally and on a large scale and thats why it was fourth in top investment banking firms in the U.S and dealing on a huge scale includes transactions worth millions which should be maintained and efficiently put into tests and audits with time. On September 15, 2008, the entity took a step to file Bankruptcy protection Chapter 11 which led to a chain of events from a disruption in its clients to massive losses in stock markets and even the assets were devalued by the rating agencies and that led to the collapse. Reasons for Bankruptcy Due to negligence of the auditors and carelessness what sparkled was U.Ss largest bankruptcy. It even uncovered the real reasons behind the financial crisis of late 2000s. After all the mess happening to the global markets Barclays announced its want to purchase the Lehman brothers Investment banking firm in U.S along with its new york headquarters and later on Nomura Holdings announced to buy Lehman brothers franchise in Asia-Pacific and also in Australia, Japan and Hong Kong. On 13th October same year the deal took place. At the time of bankruptcy Lehman Brothers had $639 billion in assets and $619 billion in debt and it left Word Com, Enron bankruptcies far behind. It had 25,000 workers working for the firm at that time. The subprime mortgage of U.S was the prime reason which nearly swept away the market in 2008. It led to erosion of $10 trillion dollars off the market cap of equity market. Markets went a maximum low point that following month. The firm was a small general store a t its starting and that led to a giant firm in the future and it went through a lot of depressions and even the two world wars. The three L(s) responsible: The depressions included railroad bankruptcy, 1930 great depression, Russian Debt default, Long term capital management collapse. We can see in its history that the firm had a lot of potential and survived a lot but the depression following 2000s hit it the worst and brought it to its knees. The Lehman Brothers playing at a large scale could not be underestimated but collapsed due to failure in being rescued from a government bailout. The whole event was a blast for the whole industry because the first thing that the amount to be administered was $600 billion huge and was nothing that the government has ever faced and it was a company which was widely spread due to a web of companies and that made everything very complex and unlike Enrons bankruptcy in 2001. The Lehman brothers failed because of some reasons. Now leverage played a big role in the failure starting from what leverage is then leverage is when you gear up in the good times which means that you borrow money from sources a nd then invest it in the places or assets which are giving good returns and that will magnify the gains by multiples. The average well maintained banks keep a leverage of 12 times which basically if explained means that for every $1 the bank can give a loan of $12 and if your assets are increasing then the gains will increase to its multiple but if they start falling the loss is going to be in multiples. Lehman brothers Inc. has a leverage of 44 at its extreme and which rose from 20 to 30 to 40 and then the extreme happened and which means if a person of $1000 wage had to buy house using $44000 mortgage. Due to that the borrowers were always in a fear of falling property price and increasing interests and the company was stuck in the same tornado. The man thing which lacked was not the lack of profits but the severe lack of cash. It was right that Lehman brothers started to face some serious liquidity issues and it lacked quick assets which meant that the assets which could be realised in very less time though it had a very impressive capital base and assets, liabilities volumes. As the whole market was feeling the crisis and other banks also realised what the company was going through and they then ceased all the lines of credits for the company to save themselves and that was the main reason for the collapse of any bank which is when they lose market confidence which means that the y have no market left to trade and do business with and the existence ceased because nobody could see the future of the company. Rivals and Financial Exposure Only several months ago the competent Bear Sterns faced the same crisis before JP Morgan Chase came to its rescue and helped it through its lack of liquidity. After the terrorists attacks in 2001 the market of properties commercial as well as residential saw a rise for 6 years and that because of the decreasing interest rates. In the three years before 2006 the market already started to fall and the point that Lehman Brothers was hugely exposed to the property market having around $61 billion worth commercial properties and as well as providing sub-prime mortgages which were loans given to families to buy houses having poor financial records in the past. It also had a lot of investments in Credit Default Swaps and Collateralized Debt Obligations in the same sector. As now the properties had started to crash and all the investments were devalued and it faced a loss of $6.1 billion due to that because it was caught somewhere which was impossible to get out of because prices of property crashed and arrears started to take place. The company had a long history of more than 150 years and that too as a NYSE giant for more than 15 years which was very impressive. So, at that time of the depression, rival companies like Merrill Lynch, Bear Sterns also faced the problems but survived because they had someone to buy the firm like JP Morgan to Bear Sterns rescue. At the time of depression Lehman Brothers were one of American Banks interests but because of Merrill Lynchs deal finalising before the chance failed and even Barclay wanted to buy Lehman brothers but failed because the U.K government blocked the way to invest into Lehman Brothers under some regulations and its marked in the books by the owners as a historic point known to be when Britain government destroyed Lehmans future. As the financials of the company were a mess so there last resort to borrow an emergency loan from the feds failed because their calculations predicted losses and even less collateral to honour the loan and even if they had received the loan it was impossible for the company to revive. At the end of the situation the public was already disturbed and frustrated from the financial markets and the idea of the feds rescuing a company like Lehman Brother and then putting losses of millions and billions on the name of taxpayers didnt entertain them and they couldnt be possibly revived and seeing a potential buyer the deal was done resulting in the sale of bank to another bank and losing everything and failing. Due to the leverage, point where the company has nearly no liquidity, losses, messed up balance sheet and no buyer ready to rescue the company it failed. Whom did it affect? This failure would have affected the population as a whole of U.S in indirect way but all of the burden was to be directly put on the institutional investors and the people who help the stocks and as a cherry on the top many of its products in insurance were spread and working around the wall street. The failure of the company made the public and the government realise what bad they did to the economy letting a giant company like that to fall and the whole global economy joined in the movement to bailout banks in their countries taking a lesson and U.S couldnt afford to lose another bank of this size. The drastic event for the whole global economy forced each and every company to take a lesson and change all the regulations regarding the auditing and that gave rose to ASA701 as a step by the government to save the existing companies from a failure due to reaching a circumstance like Lehman Brothers were caught into. The problem behind was that the feds didnt give any explanation for the bailout of the Lehman brothers. The feds kept silence and it was misunderstood by the investors and the public. The solution to that would be if the government provide a real and very clear reason behind not bailing out or bailing out of any organization according to the statue provided by the government. No one could have imagined that the government has to rescue any non-banking firm and the rule didnt exist till then so what government should have done was that to have adapted to new things in the market and provide regulations according to that. With the ASA701 the scope broadened in communicating the key audit matters. ASA 701 and improvements The scope of the standard included the significance of the above mentioned, the matters which should be stated and the matters auditors had most robust with to be communicated, the communication between both the parties would improve, and the assumptions about users of financial reports. Elements of the Auditors report were to be the opinion of the auditor on the business which can be of several types stating the condition and the data sufficiency of the report. When an adverse or qualified opinion is given by the auditor then all the reasons which led to the decision should be mentioned along with the report on insufficiency of any evidence. The determining of the key audit matters by the auditor is very necessary and it states that the matters most significance out of all the matters should be chosen, matters should be of the current year, and the matters which were the key matters should not be included in the report unless they are also present in the current year. The matters which are of significance to the auditor can be firstly performing the actions according to the risk assessment of the company and the higher the risk the better and higher quality evidence and in more quantity is required, matters that are challenging to the auditors and the matters which require a high level of assessment are some matters of more significance. Lessons from the event The success of the audit depends on its quality to determine the key areas of communication in the financial reports along with forming an opinion about the fullness of the financial reports of a company. The learning which all of us can take from the event can be that the price that we usually pay for the stocks we buy really matters because as seen in this case we could see that the markets went down drastically before the event in 2007 and it nearly went 57% down but if we would have invested when the people were taking their money away from markets fearfully we would have earned around 270% returns. One should never buy and keep all the shares of the same kind or of the same sector unlike 2000s when the internet stocks were eroded this time the shares that got affected were of financial giants and these companies were so big that there numbers affected the global markets directly and even there stocks were used in many retirement plans but now in the current from the 2011 the price of the financial stocks started to go up and make profits nearly doubling its value in the span of three years. Bow having the heart of a bull would have worked in this case because what happened in the circumstance was that people took around $500 billion out of the market in the fair of losing money but if they would have hold the stocks till date all of them gained around 230% till the market started facing bulls in 2009. People mostly consider the blue chip stocks as the stocks which can be invested in because they are the stable and slow growing stocks but the crisis showed that there are no shar es which are volatile and that we should always treat the stocks as they are which is volatile and nearly unpredictable. Even the dividends were unsure of because at the time of crisis when the financial stocks started facing such problems they even lowered the amount of dividends to keep them financially safe. All we could say after the event was that the markets closed at all time high but that was of no help to the people who had to quit some five years ago and the reason behind was the losses that they made because a portfolio has the maximum chance of earning at time when it is new and in the starting years of the portfolio investment. So in learning something from the event taking risks are very important to earn profits but the risk management and profile should be kept low in as to trade more safely. Summary: This assignment took us through the history of Lehman brothers to the failure and all the reasons that led to the failure. ASA701 is also explained further in brief so that an idea can be taken out about that. The major crisis which led to the failure and how the negligence of the system led to the biggest bankruptcy event in the history of U.S and the lessons which were learned by the institutions globally affected the public indirectly. The global downfall and the chain reaction which made the happening of one event after another gave the world a good lesson about what financial markets can be. References: ASA 701, (2015) Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report, Retrieved from https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf Indiviglio D, (2010), 4 Reasons Why Lehman Failed, Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/09/4-reasons-why-lehman-failed/62588/ Arcy C, (2009), Why Lehman Brothers collapsed, Retrieved from https://www.lovemoney.com/news/3909/why-lehman-brothers-collapsed Investopedia, (2017), Case Study: The Collapse of Lehman Brothers, Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp Pozen R. C., (2009), Two Lessons from Lehman, Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2009/09/learning-from-lehman

Medicinal Militarization

Table of Contents Introduction Kinds of Militarization Militarizing the Body Militarizing the Population Militarizing the Inner Space Conclusion References Introduction Triumph of the Will is one of the earliest propaganda firms that were produced in 1935 by Leni Riefenstahl. It is a chronicle of the Nazi Party Congress in 1934, which took place in Nuremberg in Germany. According to Foucault (2012), the film was seen as a deliberate attempt by the Nazi government to manipulate the German society by making some of their propaganda be acceptable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medicinal Militarization – Triumph of the Will specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adolf Hitler had just taken over the leadership of the country in the previous year, and due to his ambitious nature, he was keen on implanting the manifesto of the Nazi Party. The speeches given by Adolf Hitler, his senior military generals, and senio r members of the party show the desire to gain absolute power. Adolf Hitler was elected to the office through a democratic vote. However, the movie presents him as a military leader who is keen on redefining his position as both a military and civilian ruler. The declaration by Hitler that Nazi party and state is a clear indication of the interest of a democratically elected leader to use absolute power with the help of the military apparatus. In this paper, the researcher aims at identifying the types of militarization as presented in this power. Kinds of Militarization In this film, there is a deliberate attempt by the political leadership of this country to militarize the society. According to Orr (2009), the Triumph of the Will is one of the best films that show the ambition of Adolf Hitler beyond the borders of Germany. This scholar says that the film presents various kinds of militarization at various stages. Militarizing the Body Militarization of the body is presented at ear ly stages of the films by the pseudo-military drills. Adolf Hitler is presented as the savior of this society, and for him to save the society he needs the services of the able-bodied men who could engage in military battles. Through his inspiration, young people are seen to join the military and engage in military drills in readiness to serve their country. As shown in this film, it is not possible to win a war without proper preparation. The volunteers are taken through early stages of military training where they try to learn the basics about military. They learn how to use guns while in the battlefield. Given that they are not trained soldiers, they use spades as symbols of guns that they will use when they engage in warfare. The actual militarization of the body is seen on the third day of the film.  At this stage, it is apparent that the main theme in the film is how to make the Germans ready for a possible outbreak of war. On this day, Adolf Hitler starts his morning activi ties by addressing youths in militaristic terms and informing them that they have to harden themselves in readiness for war.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A military pass and the armored vehicles with highly skilled military officers demonstrate the effort that the Nazi Party had to ensure that the targeted group had all the military trainings. Militarization of the body is best demonstrated when a large number of youths join the military training camps to learn how to use various forms of guns and other heavy artillery. The training involves enduring pain and spending long hours in the field learning how to engage in a battle. The conviction of the trainers and trainees clearly hints at a possible target that should be attacked once the military training was successful. Militarizing the Population According to Maguire (2010), although Adolf Hitler was one of the world’s worst dictators, he knew that real power lies with the people. He was, therefore, very keen on engaging the population in all his militaristic activities. This is seen in this film when he engages actively with the public. Over 700,000 people attend the first public forum that is organized for Hitler. Most of these people are youths who are not pleased by the current state of affairs in this country. They have attended the gathering hoping that the new leader will bring a lasting solution to the problem. Hitler takes advantage of this high expectation to offer a solution that is militaristic in nature. He ignores the possibility of addressing the problems that Germany has with the international community through dialogue. Instead, he hands over the duty of liberating Germany to Germans themselves.  Militarization of the population starts when Hitler makes a successful effort to unite the Germans against what he describes as a common enemy. His ability to evoke emotions and to make his a udience develop a feeling that they have a common destiny plays an important role in the militarization of population. This film demonstrates that Hitler and the Nazi party were keen on having a united population that is ready for war before engaging in any militaristic expedition. In his speeches, Hitler blames people he refers to as traitors for failing to achieve success in the World War 1. He does not rule out the possibility of another World War, but he is keen on ensuring that this time round Germany comes out as the winner, unlike in the previous occasions. To do this, it is demonstrated in the film that he needs the population. This population could only go to war if they are militarized. This militarization is what Adolf Hitler was keen on doing as shown in this film.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medicinal Militarization – Triumph of the Will specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Militarizing the I nner Space This film best demonstrates the militarization of the inner space. When Adolf Hitler came to power, German was under a heavy yolk placed on it by the international community when it was accused of causing the First World War. The society was not happy with this verdict, but they had no option other than paying the fine. Adolf Hitler came to power through a heavy expectation that he would change the state of affairs for the better. In this film, Adolf Hitler is demonstrated as a leader who was determined to meet the expectations of the society and deliver them from the yolk placed on it by the international society. As shown in this film, delivering the nation could not be done through a peaceful engagement. The previous leaders had tried this approach but failed. It was time to use other alternatives, and to Hitler, military engagement was the only way out of this problem. However, engaging in a war was not a simple affair of ordering soldiers to the battlefield. Before g oing to the war, there was a need to get the support of the society. The German people had to develop an urge to go to the war for the sake of liberating the country. This could only be achieved through propaganda.  Militarization of the mind starts on the third day of the film at a youth rally that is attended by Hitler and his top party officials. The party officials are allowed to engage the youths in a discussion on how the country can be liberated. These officials are very critical of the current affairs of the country, and paint a picture of Adolf Hitler being the only possible savior that could address the problem for the society. They prepare a basis upon which Hitler can base is propaganda to the youths. True enough, Hitler comes out to address the youth gathered to meet the German ‘savior’. The ‘savior’ seizes this opportunity to militarize the minds of the youth at this rally. He recounts the suffering that Germans have to undergo because of th e fearful leadership that governed the country before him. He tells the youth that the country is being treated as a Third World Country by nations that could not match its military capabilities. He then tells the youth that the solution lies on them. They had to say to the current state of affairs. He tells them of the superiority of the German race that is being trampled upon by weaker nations simply because the country was not ready to go to war.  The message of Adolf Hitler to an audience of about 700,000 people seems to generate serious impacts among his audience, especially the youths (Latour, 2012). Hitler was keen on provoking their emotions.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He tells the audience how superior the Germans are to any other race that exists in the world. Hitler is very passionate about his message to the Germans. He tells the gathering that a time had come to liberate the nation. He says that the power rests with the people, and the youths had to make a decision about what they want in their own society. Hitler knew that militarization of the mind was the best approach that he could use to encourage the Germans to prepare for another war that will help it liberate itself from the burden placed on it by the League of Nations. The cheers from his audience and the kind of reactions from the youth clearly demonstrate the he succeeded in militarizing the minds of his audience. He captured their inner space, and evoked a strong urge to go to war. He made them feel that they could easily win a war if they remained focused and determined to this course. He lived up to the expectations of a true savior who came to liberate his people (Lande, 2011). The society believed in him, and was determined to walk with him on the path towards liberation. Conclusion Triumph of the Will is one of the German’s earliest propaganda films. The film portrays Adolf Hitler, through is Nazi Party, as the savior that German has been waiting for to liberate it from the injustice it suffered after the end of World War 1. Hitler is preparing the country for a possible military engagement with the international community. He militarizes the body, the population, and most importantly the inner space of the Germans in readiness for war. He succeeds in his militarization process based on the responses from the audience as shown in this film. References Foucault, Michel. 2012. Docile Bodies In Discipline and Punish, excerpts. New York: Vintage. Lande, Brian. 2011. Breathing like a soldier In Sociological Review. New York: Cengage. Latour, Bruno. 2012. Give me a laboratory and I will raise the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Maguire, Mark. 2 010. Biopower, Racialization and new Security Technology. New Jersey: Wiley. Orr, Jackie. 2009. The Militarization of Inner Space In Critical Sociology. London: McMillan This essay on Medicinal Militarization – Triumph of the Will was written and submitted by user Kaylynn C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.